Episode data types

download.file("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/gh-pages/_episodes_rmd/data/gapminder_data.csv", destfile = "data/gapminder_data.csv")
gapminder <- read.csv("data/gapminder_data.csv")

We can also read in file from web

gapminder <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/gh-pages/_episodes_rmd/data/gapminder_data.csv")
str(gapminder) #str stands for structure 
## 'data.frame':    1704 obs. of  6 variables:
##  $ country  : chr  "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" ...
##  $ year     : int  1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 ...
##  $ pop      : num  8425333 9240934 10267083 11537966 13079460 ...
##  $ continent: chr  "Asia" "Asia" "Asia" "Asia" ...
##  $ lifeExp  : num  28.8 30.3 32 34 36.1 ...
##  $ gdpPercap: num  779 821 853 836 740 ...
View(gapminder) #to look at it in a tab 

Data types

R has a few data types it is good be aware of:

typeof(gapminder$year)
## [1] "integer"
typeof(gapminder$lifeExp)
## [1] "double"
typeof(3.14)
## [1] "double"
typeof(TRUE)  # logical 
## [1] "logical"
typeof(1L) # The L suffix forces the number to be an integer, since by default R uses float numbers
## [1] "integer"
typeof('bannana')
## [1] "character"
class(gapminder)
## [1] "data.frame"
typeof(gapminder$continent)
## [1] "character"
typeof(gapminder$country) #character
## [1] "character"
typeof(gapminder$year)
## [1] "integer"

Vectors

x <- c(1, 2.4, 3, 5) #what's the <- again?
x
## [1] 1.0 2.4 3.0 5.0
str(x)
##  num [1:4] 1 2.4 3 5
typeof(x)
## [1] "double"

Couple of things * the c() function is used in R a lot - stands for combine and it will create a vector * there are other ways to create a vector but we use this a lot. * what happens if we create a mixed vector

y = c("dog", 1.4, 3.5, TRUE)
y
## [1] "dog"  "1.4"  "3.5"  "TRUE"
str(y)
##  chr [1:4] "dog" "1.4" "3.5" "TRUE"
typeof(y)
## [1] "character"
char_vector_nums <- c('1','2','3')
typeof(as.numeric(char_vector_nums))
## [1] "double"

Data structures = realistic example

str(gapminder)
## 'data.frame':    1704 obs. of  6 variables:
##  $ country  : chr  "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" ...
##  $ year     : int  1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 ...
##  $ pop      : num  8425333 9240934 10267083 11537966 13079460 ...
##  $ continent: chr  "Asia" "Asia" "Asia" "Asia" ...
##  $ lifeExp  : num  28.8 30.3 32 34 36.1 ...
##  $ gdpPercap: num  779 821 853 836 740 ...
summary(gapminder$country)
##    Length     Class      Mode 
##      1704 character character
?summary
summary(gapminder$country) # tell us lenght of character vector 
##    Length     Class      Mode 
##      1704 character character
factor(gapminder$country)
##    [1] Afghanistan              Afghanistan             
##    [3] Afghanistan              Afghanistan             
##    [5] Afghanistan              Afghanistan             
##    [7] Afghanistan              Afghanistan             
##    [9] Afghanistan              Afghanistan             
##   [11] Afghanistan              Afghanistan             
##   [13] Albania                  Albania                 
##   [15] Albania                  Albania                 
##   [17] Albania                  Albania                 
##   [19] Albania                  Albania                 
##   [21] Albania                  Albania                 
##   [23] Albania                  Albania                 
##   [25] Algeria                  Algeria                 
##   [27] Algeria                  Algeria                 
##   [29] Algeria                  Algeria                 
##   [31] Algeria                  Algeria                 
##   [33] Algeria                  Algeria                 
##   [35] Algeria                  Algeria                 
##   [37] Angola                   Angola                  
##   [39] Angola                   Angola                  
##   [41] Angola                   Angola                  
##   [43] Angola                   Angola                  
##   [45] Angola                   Angola                  
##   [47] Angola                   Angola                  
##   [49] Argentina                Argentina               
##   [51] Argentina                Argentina               
##   [53] Argentina                Argentina               
##   [55] Argentina                Argentina               
##   [57] Argentina                Argentina               
##   [59] Argentina                Argentina               
##   [61] Australia                Australia               
##   [63] Australia                Australia               
##   [65] Australia                Australia               
##   [67] Australia                Australia               
##   [69] Australia                Australia               
##   [71] Australia                Australia               
##   [73] Austria                  Austria                 
##   [75] Austria                  Austria                 
##   [77] Austria                  Austria                 
##   [79] Austria                  Austria                 
##   [81] Austria                  Austria                 
##   [83] Austria                  Austria                 
##   [85] Bahrain                  Bahrain                 
##   [87] Bahrain                  Bahrain                 
##   [89] Bahrain                  Bahrain                 
##   [91] Bahrain                  Bahrain                 
##   [93] Bahrain                  Bahrain                 
##   [95] Bahrain                  Bahrain                 
##   [97] Bangladesh               Bangladesh              
##   [99] Bangladesh               Bangladesh              
##  [101] Bangladesh               Bangladesh              
##  [103] Bangladesh               Bangladesh              
##  [105] Bangladesh               Bangladesh              
##  [107] Bangladesh               Bangladesh              
##  [109] Belgium                  Belgium                 
##  [111] Belgium                  Belgium                 
##  [113] Belgium                  Belgium                 
##  [115] Belgium                  Belgium                 
##  [117] Belgium                  Belgium                 
##  [119] Belgium                  Belgium                 
##  [121] Benin                    Benin                   
##  [123] Benin                    Benin                   
##  [125] Benin                    Benin                   
##  [127] Benin                    Benin                   
##  [129] Benin                    Benin                   
##  [131] Benin                    Benin                   
##  [133] Bolivia                  Bolivia                 
##  [135] Bolivia                  Bolivia                 
##  [137] Bolivia                  Bolivia                 
##  [139] Bolivia                  Bolivia                 
##  [141] Bolivia                  Bolivia                 
##  [143] Bolivia                  Bolivia                 
##  [145] Bosnia and Herzegovina   Bosnia and Herzegovina  
##  [147] Bosnia and Herzegovina   Bosnia and Herzegovina  
##  [149] Bosnia and Herzegovina   Bosnia and Herzegovina  
##  [151] Bosnia and Herzegovina   Bosnia and Herzegovina  
##  [153] Bosnia and Herzegovina   Bosnia and Herzegovina  
##  [155] Bosnia and Herzegovina   Bosnia and Herzegovina  
##  [157] Botswana                 Botswana                
##  [159] Botswana                 Botswana                
##  [161] Botswana                 Botswana                
##  [163] Botswana                 Botswana                
##  [165] Botswana                 Botswana                
##  [167] Botswana                 Botswana                
##  [169] Brazil                   Brazil                  
##  [171] Brazil                   Brazil                  
##  [173] Brazil                   Brazil                  
##  [175] Brazil                   Brazil                  
##  [177] Brazil                   Brazil                  
##  [179] Brazil                   Brazil                  
##  [181] Bulgaria                 Bulgaria                
##  [183] Bulgaria                 Bulgaria                
##  [185] Bulgaria                 Bulgaria                
##  [187] Bulgaria                 Bulgaria                
##  [189] Bulgaria                 Bulgaria                
##  [191] Bulgaria                 Bulgaria                
##  [193] Burkina Faso             Burkina Faso            
##  [195] Burkina Faso             Burkina Faso            
##  [197] Burkina Faso             Burkina Faso            
##  [199] Burkina Faso             Burkina Faso            
##  [201] Burkina Faso             Burkina Faso            
##  [203] Burkina Faso             Burkina Faso            
##  [205] Burundi                  Burundi                 
##  [207] Burundi                  Burundi                 
##  [209] Burundi                  Burundi                 
##  [211] Burundi                  Burundi                 
##  [213] Burundi                  Burundi                 
##  [215] Burundi                  Burundi                 
##  [217] Cambodia                 Cambodia                
##  [219] Cambodia                 Cambodia                
##  [221] Cambodia                 Cambodia                
##  [223] Cambodia                 Cambodia                
##  [225] Cambodia                 Cambodia                
##  [227] Cambodia                 Cambodia                
##  [229] Cameroon                 Cameroon                
##  [231] Cameroon                 Cameroon                
##  [233] Cameroon                 Cameroon                
##  [235] Cameroon                 Cameroon                
##  [237] Cameroon                 Cameroon                
##  [239] Cameroon                 Cameroon                
##  [241] Canada                   Canada                  
##  [243] Canada                   Canada                  
##  [245] Canada                   Canada                  
##  [247] Canada                   Canada                  
##  [249] Canada                   Canada                  
##  [251] Canada                   Canada                  
##  [253] Central African Republic Central African Republic
##  [255] Central African Republic Central African Republic
##  [257] Central African Republic Central African Republic
##  [259] Central African Republic Central African Republic
##  [261] Central African Republic Central African Republic
##  [263] Central African Republic Central African Republic
##  [265] Chad                     Chad                    
##  [267] Chad                     Chad                    
##  [269] Chad                     Chad                    
##  [271] Chad                     Chad                    
##  [273] Chad                     Chad                    
##  [275] Chad                     Chad                    
##  [277] Chile                    Chile                   
##  [279] Chile                    Chile                   
##  [281] Chile                    Chile                   
##  [283] Chile                    Chile                   
##  [285] Chile                    Chile                   
##  [287] Chile                    Chile                   
##  [289] China                    China                   
##  [291] China                    China                   
##  [293] China                    China                   
##  [295] China                    China                   
##  [297] China                    China                   
##  [299] China                    China                   
##  [301] Colombia                 Colombia                
##  [303] Colombia                 Colombia                
##  [305] Colombia                 Colombia                
##  [307] Colombia                 Colombia                
##  [309] Colombia                 Colombia                
##  [311] Colombia                 Colombia                
##  [313] Comoros                  Comoros                 
##  [315] Comoros                  Comoros                 
##  [317] Comoros                  Comoros                 
##  [319] Comoros                  Comoros                 
##  [321] Comoros                  Comoros                 
##  [323] Comoros                  Comoros                 
##  [325] Congo Dem. Rep.          Congo Dem. Rep.         
##  [327] Congo Dem. Rep.          Congo Dem. Rep.         
##  [329] Congo Dem. Rep.          Congo Dem. Rep.         
##  [331] Congo Dem. Rep.          Congo Dem. Rep.         
##  [333] Congo Dem. Rep.          Congo Dem. Rep.         
##  [335] Congo Dem. Rep.          Congo Dem. Rep.         
##  [337] Congo Rep.               Congo Rep.              
##  [339] Congo Rep.               Congo Rep.              
##  [341] Congo Rep.               Congo Rep.              
##  [343] Congo Rep.               Congo Rep.              
##  [345] Congo Rep.               Congo Rep.              
##  [347] Congo Rep.               Congo Rep.              
##  [349] Costa Rica               Costa Rica              
##  [351] Costa Rica               Costa Rica              
##  [353] Costa Rica               Costa Rica              
##  [355] Costa Rica               Costa Rica              
##  [357] Costa Rica               Costa Rica              
##  [359] Costa Rica               Costa Rica              
##  [361] Cote d'Ivoire            Cote d'Ivoire           
##  [363] Cote d'Ivoire            Cote d'Ivoire           
##  [365] Cote d'Ivoire            Cote d'Ivoire           
##  [367] Cote d'Ivoire            Cote d'Ivoire           
##  [369] Cote d'Ivoire            Cote d'Ivoire           
##  [371] Cote d'Ivoire            Cote d'Ivoire           
##  [373] Croatia                  Croatia                 
##  [375] Croatia                  Croatia                 
##  [377] Croatia                  Croatia                 
##  [379] Croatia                  Croatia                 
##  [381] Croatia                  Croatia                 
##  [383] Croatia                  Croatia                 
##  [385] Cuba                     Cuba                    
##  [387] Cuba                     Cuba                    
##  [389] Cuba                     Cuba                    
##  [391] Cuba                     Cuba                    
##  [393] Cuba                     Cuba                    
##  [395] Cuba                     Cuba                    
##  [397] Czech Republic           Czech Republic          
##  [399] Czech Republic           Czech Republic          
##  [401] Czech Republic           Czech Republic          
##  [403] Czech Republic           Czech Republic          
##  [405] Czech Republic           Czech Republic          
##  [407] Czech Republic           Czech Republic          
##  [409] Denmark                  Denmark                 
##  [411] Denmark                  Denmark                 
##  [413] Denmark                  Denmark                 
##  [415] Denmark                  Denmark                 
##  [417] Denmark                  Denmark                 
##  [419] Denmark                  Denmark                 
##  [421] Djibouti                 Djibouti                
##  [423] Djibouti                 Djibouti                
##  [425] Djibouti                 Djibouti                
##  [427] Djibouti                 Djibouti                
##  [429] Djibouti                 Djibouti                
##  [431] Djibouti                 Djibouti                
##  [433] Dominican Republic       Dominican Republic      
##  [435] Dominican Republic       Dominican Republic      
##  [437] Dominican Republic       Dominican Republic      
##  [439] Dominican Republic       Dominican Republic      
##  [441] Dominican Republic       Dominican Republic      
##  [443] Dominican Republic       Dominican Republic      
##  [445] Ecuador                  Ecuador                 
##  [447] Ecuador                  Ecuador                 
##  [449] Ecuador                  Ecuador                 
##  [451] Ecuador                  Ecuador                 
##  [453] Ecuador                  Ecuador                 
##  [455] Ecuador                  Ecuador                 
##  [457] Egypt                    Egypt                   
##  [459] Egypt                    Egypt                   
##  [461] Egypt                    Egypt                   
##  [463] Egypt                    Egypt                   
##  [465] Egypt                    Egypt                   
##  [467] Egypt                    Egypt                   
##  [469] El Salvador              El Salvador             
##  [471] El Salvador              El Salvador             
##  [473] El Salvador              El Salvador             
##  [475] El Salvador              El Salvador             
##  [477] El Salvador              El Salvador             
##  [479] El Salvador              El Salvador             
##  [481] Equatorial Guinea        Equatorial Guinea       
##  [483] Equatorial Guinea        Equatorial Guinea       
##  [485] Equatorial Guinea        Equatorial Guinea       
##  [487] Equatorial Guinea        Equatorial Guinea       
##  [489] Equatorial Guinea        Equatorial Guinea       
##  [491] Equatorial Guinea        Equatorial Guinea       
##  [493] Eritrea                  Eritrea                 
##  [495] Eritrea                  Eritrea                 
##  [497] Eritrea                  Eritrea                 
##  [499] Eritrea                  Eritrea                 
##  [501] Eritrea                  Eritrea                 
##  [503] Eritrea                  Eritrea                 
##  [505] Ethiopia                 Ethiopia                
##  [507] Ethiopia                 Ethiopia                
##  [509] Ethiopia                 Ethiopia                
##  [511] Ethiopia                 Ethiopia                
##  [513] Ethiopia                 Ethiopia                
##  [515] Ethiopia                 Ethiopia                
##  [517] Finland                  Finland                 
##  [519] Finland                  Finland                 
##  [521] Finland                  Finland                 
##  [523] Finland                  Finland                 
##  [525] Finland                  Finland                 
##  [527] Finland                  Finland                 
##  [529] France                   France                  
##  [531] France                   France                  
##  [533] France                   France                  
##  [535] France                   France                  
##  [537] France                   France                  
##  [539] France                   France                  
##  [541] Gabon                    Gabon                   
##  [543] Gabon                    Gabon                   
##  [545] Gabon                    Gabon                   
##  [547] Gabon                    Gabon                   
##  [549] Gabon                    Gabon                   
##  [551] Gabon                    Gabon                   
##  [553] Gambia                   Gambia                  
##  [555] Gambia                   Gambia                  
##  [557] Gambia                   Gambia                  
##  [559] Gambia                   Gambia                  
##  [561] Gambia                   Gambia                  
##  [563] Gambia                   Gambia                  
##  [565] Germany                  Germany                 
##  [567] Germany                  Germany                 
##  [569] Germany                  Germany                 
##  [571] Germany                  Germany                 
##  [573] Germany                  Germany                 
##  [575] Germany                  Germany                 
##  [577] Ghana                    Ghana                   
##  [579] Ghana                    Ghana                   
##  [581] Ghana                    Ghana                   
##  [583] Ghana                    Ghana                   
##  [585] Ghana                    Ghana                   
##  [587] Ghana                    Ghana                   
##  [589] Greece                   Greece                  
##  [591] Greece                   Greece                  
##  [593] Greece                   Greece                  
##  [595] Greece                   Greece                  
##  [597] Greece                   Greece                  
##  [599] Greece                   Greece                  
##  [601] Guatemala                Guatemala               
##  [603] Guatemala                Guatemala               
##  [605] Guatemala                Guatemala               
##  [607] Guatemala                Guatemala               
##  [609] Guatemala                Guatemala               
##  [611] Guatemala                Guatemala               
##  [613] Guinea                   Guinea                  
##  [615] Guinea                   Guinea                  
##  [617] Guinea                   Guinea                  
##  [619] Guinea                   Guinea                  
##  [621] Guinea                   Guinea                  
##  [623] Guinea                   Guinea                  
##  [625] Guinea-Bissau            Guinea-Bissau           
##  [627] Guinea-Bissau            Guinea-Bissau           
##  [629] Guinea-Bissau            Guinea-Bissau           
##  [631] Guinea-Bissau            Guinea-Bissau           
##  [633] Guinea-Bissau            Guinea-Bissau           
##  [635] Guinea-Bissau            Guinea-Bissau           
##  [637] Haiti                    Haiti                   
##  [639] Haiti                    Haiti                   
##  [641] Haiti                    Haiti                   
##  [643] Haiti                    Haiti                   
##  [645] Haiti                    Haiti                   
##  [647] Haiti                    Haiti                   
##  [649] Honduras                 Honduras                
##  [651] Honduras                 Honduras                
##  [653] Honduras                 Honduras                
##  [655] Honduras                 Honduras                
##  [657] Honduras                 Honduras                
##  [659] Honduras                 Honduras                
##  [661] Hong Kong China          Hong Kong China         
##  [663] Hong Kong China          Hong Kong China         
##  [665] Hong Kong China          Hong Kong China         
##  [667] Hong Kong China          Hong Kong China         
##  [669] Hong Kong China          Hong Kong China         
##  [671] Hong Kong China          Hong Kong China         
##  [673] Hungary                  Hungary                 
##  [675] Hungary                  Hungary                 
##  [677] Hungary                  Hungary                 
##  [679] Hungary                  Hungary                 
##  [681] Hungary                  Hungary                 
##  [683] Hungary                  Hungary                 
##  [685] Iceland                  Iceland                 
##  [687] Iceland                  Iceland                 
##  [689] Iceland                  Iceland                 
##  [691] Iceland                  Iceland                 
##  [693] Iceland                  Iceland                 
##  [695] Iceland                  Iceland                 
##  [697] India                    India                   
##  [699] India                    India                   
##  [701] India                    India                   
##  [703] India                    India                   
##  [705] India                    India                   
##  [707] India                    India                   
##  [709] Indonesia                Indonesia               
##  [711] Indonesia                Indonesia               
##  [713] Indonesia                Indonesia               
##  [715] Indonesia                Indonesia               
##  [717] Indonesia                Indonesia               
##  [719] Indonesia                Indonesia               
##  [721] Iran                     Iran                    
##  [723] Iran                     Iran                    
##  [725] Iran                     Iran                    
##  [727] Iran                     Iran                    
##  [729] Iran                     Iran                    
##  [731] Iran                     Iran                    
##  [733] Iraq                     Iraq                    
##  [735] Iraq                     Iraq                    
##  [737] Iraq                     Iraq                    
##  [739] Iraq                     Iraq                    
##  [741] Iraq                     Iraq                    
##  [743] Iraq                     Iraq                    
##  [745] Ireland                  Ireland                 
##  [747] Ireland                  Ireland                 
##  [749] Ireland                  Ireland                 
##  [751] Ireland                  Ireland                 
##  [753] Ireland                  Ireland                 
##  [755] Ireland                  Ireland                 
##  [757] Israel                   Israel                  
##  [759] Israel                   Israel                  
##  [761] Israel                   Israel                  
##  [763] Israel                   Israel                  
##  [765] Israel                   Israel                  
##  [767] Israel                   Israel                  
##  [769] Italy                    Italy                   
##  [771] Italy                    Italy                   
##  [773] Italy                    Italy                   
##  [775] Italy                    Italy                   
##  [777] Italy                    Italy                   
##  [779] Italy                    Italy                   
##  [781] Jamaica                  Jamaica                 
##  [783] Jamaica                  Jamaica                 
##  [785] Jamaica                  Jamaica                 
##  [787] Jamaica                  Jamaica                 
##  [789] Jamaica                  Jamaica                 
##  [791] Jamaica                  Jamaica                 
##  [793] Japan                    Japan                   
##  [795] Japan                    Japan                   
##  [797] Japan                    Japan                   
##  [799] Japan                    Japan                   
##  [801] Japan                    Japan                   
##  [803] Japan                    Japan                   
##  [805] Jordan                   Jordan                  
##  [807] Jordan                   Jordan                  
##  [809] Jordan                   Jordan                  
##  [811] Jordan                   Jordan                  
##  [813] Jordan                   Jordan                  
##  [815] Jordan                   Jordan                  
##  [817] Kenya                    Kenya                   
##  [819] Kenya                    Kenya                   
##  [821] Kenya                    Kenya                   
##  [823] Kenya                    Kenya                   
##  [825] Kenya                    Kenya                   
##  [827] Kenya                    Kenya                   
##  [829] Korea Dem. Rep.          Korea Dem. Rep.         
##  [831] Korea Dem. Rep.          Korea Dem. Rep.         
##  [833] Korea Dem. Rep.          Korea Dem. Rep.         
##  [835] Korea Dem. Rep.          Korea Dem. Rep.         
##  [837] Korea Dem. Rep.          Korea Dem. Rep.         
##  [839] Korea Dem. Rep.          Korea Dem. Rep.         
##  [841] Korea Rep.               Korea Rep.              
##  [843] Korea Rep.               Korea Rep.              
##  [845] Korea Rep.               Korea Rep.              
##  [847] Korea Rep.               Korea Rep.              
##  [849] Korea Rep.               Korea Rep.              
##  [851] Korea Rep.               Korea Rep.              
##  [853] Kuwait                   Kuwait                  
##  [855] Kuwait                   Kuwait                  
##  [857] Kuwait                   Kuwait                  
##  [859] Kuwait                   Kuwait                  
##  [861] Kuwait                   Kuwait                  
##  [863] Kuwait                   Kuwait                  
##  [865] Lebanon                  Lebanon                 
##  [867] Lebanon                  Lebanon                 
##  [869] Lebanon                  Lebanon                 
##  [871] Lebanon                  Lebanon                 
##  [873] Lebanon                  Lebanon                 
##  [875] Lebanon                  Lebanon                 
##  [877] Lesotho                  Lesotho                 
##  [879] Lesotho                  Lesotho                 
##  [881] Lesotho                  Lesotho                 
##  [883] Lesotho                  Lesotho                 
##  [885] Lesotho                  Lesotho                 
##  [887] Lesotho                  Lesotho                 
##  [889] Liberia                  Liberia                 
##  [891] Liberia                  Liberia                 
##  [893] Liberia                  Liberia                 
##  [895] Liberia                  Liberia                 
##  [897] Liberia                  Liberia                 
##  [899] Liberia                  Liberia                 
##  [901] Libya                    Libya                   
##  [903] Libya                    Libya                   
##  [905] Libya                    Libya                   
##  [907] Libya                    Libya                   
##  [909] Libya                    Libya                   
##  [911] Libya                    Libya                   
##  [913] Madagascar               Madagascar              
##  [915] Madagascar               Madagascar              
##  [917] Madagascar               Madagascar              
##  [919] Madagascar               Madagascar              
##  [921] Madagascar               Madagascar              
##  [923] Madagascar               Madagascar              
##  [925] Malawi                   Malawi                  
##  [927] Malawi                   Malawi                  
##  [929] Malawi                   Malawi                  
##  [931] Malawi                   Malawi                  
##  [933] Malawi                   Malawi                  
##  [935] Malawi                   Malawi                  
##  [937] Malaysia                 Malaysia                
##  [939] Malaysia                 Malaysia                
##  [941] Malaysia                 Malaysia                
##  [943] Malaysia                 Malaysia                
##  [945] Malaysia                 Malaysia                
##  [947] Malaysia                 Malaysia                
##  [949] Mali                     Mali                    
##  [951] Mali                     Mali                    
##  [953] Mali                     Mali                    
##  [955] Mali                     Mali                    
##  [957] Mali                     Mali                    
##  [959] Mali                     Mali                    
##  [961] Mauritania               Mauritania              
##  [963] Mauritania               Mauritania              
##  [965] Mauritania               Mauritania              
##  [967] Mauritania               Mauritania              
##  [969] Mauritania               Mauritania              
##  [971] Mauritania               Mauritania              
##  [973] Mauritius                Mauritius               
##  [975] Mauritius                Mauritius               
##  [977] Mauritius                Mauritius               
##  [979] Mauritius                Mauritius               
##  [981] Mauritius                Mauritius               
##  [983] Mauritius                Mauritius               
##  [985] Mexico                   Mexico                  
##  [987] Mexico                   Mexico                  
##  [989] Mexico                   Mexico                  
##  [991] Mexico                   Mexico                  
##  [993] Mexico                   Mexico                  
##  [995] Mexico                   Mexico                  
##  [997] Mongolia                 Mongolia                
##  [999] Mongolia                 Mongolia                
## [1001] Mongolia                 Mongolia                
## [1003] Mongolia                 Mongolia                
## [1005] Mongolia                 Mongolia                
## [1007] Mongolia                 Mongolia                
## [1009] Montenegro               Montenegro              
## [1011] Montenegro               Montenegro              
## [1013] Montenegro               Montenegro              
## [1015] Montenegro               Montenegro              
## [1017] Montenegro               Montenegro              
## [1019] Montenegro               Montenegro              
## [1021] Morocco                  Morocco                 
## [1023] Morocco                  Morocco                 
## [1025] Morocco                  Morocco                 
## [1027] Morocco                  Morocco                 
## [1029] Morocco                  Morocco                 
## [1031] Morocco                  Morocco                 
## [1033] Mozambique               Mozambique              
## [1035] Mozambique               Mozambique              
## [1037] Mozambique               Mozambique              
## [1039] Mozambique               Mozambique              
## [1041] Mozambique               Mozambique              
## [1043] Mozambique               Mozambique              
## [1045] Myanmar                  Myanmar                 
## [1047] Myanmar                  Myanmar                 
## [1049] Myanmar                  Myanmar                 
## [1051] Myanmar                  Myanmar                 
## [1053] Myanmar                  Myanmar                 
## [1055] Myanmar                  Myanmar                 
## [1057] Namibia                  Namibia                 
## [1059] Namibia                  Namibia                 
## [1061] Namibia                  Namibia                 
## [1063] Namibia                  Namibia                 
## [1065] Namibia                  Namibia                 
## [1067] Namibia                  Namibia                 
## [1069] Nepal                    Nepal                   
## [1071] Nepal                    Nepal                   
## [1073] Nepal                    Nepal                   
## [1075] Nepal                    Nepal                   
## [1077] Nepal                    Nepal                   
## [1079] Nepal                    Nepal                   
## [1081] Netherlands              Netherlands             
## [1083] Netherlands              Netherlands             
## [1085] Netherlands              Netherlands             
## [1087] Netherlands              Netherlands             
## [1089] Netherlands              Netherlands             
## [1091] Netherlands              Netherlands             
## [1093] New Zealand              New Zealand             
## [1095] New Zealand              New Zealand             
## [1097] New Zealand              New Zealand             
## [1099] New Zealand              New Zealand             
## [1101] New Zealand              New Zealand             
## [1103] New Zealand              New Zealand             
## [1105] Nicaragua                Nicaragua               
## [1107] Nicaragua                Nicaragua               
## [1109] Nicaragua                Nicaragua               
## [1111] Nicaragua                Nicaragua               
## [1113] Nicaragua                Nicaragua               
## [1115] Nicaragua                Nicaragua               
## [1117] Niger                    Niger                   
## [1119] Niger                    Niger                   
## [1121] Niger                    Niger                   
## [1123] Niger                    Niger                   
## [1125] Niger                    Niger                   
## [1127] Niger                    Niger                   
## [1129] Nigeria                  Nigeria                 
## [1131] Nigeria                  Nigeria                 
## [1133] Nigeria                  Nigeria                 
## [1135] Nigeria                  Nigeria                 
## [1137] Nigeria                  Nigeria                 
## [1139] Nigeria                  Nigeria                 
## [1141] Norway                   Norway                  
## [1143] Norway                   Norway                  
## [1145] Norway                   Norway                  
## [1147] Norway                   Norway                  
## [1149] Norway                   Norway                  
## [1151] Norway                   Norway                  
## [1153] Oman                     Oman                    
## [1155] Oman                     Oman                    
## [1157] Oman                     Oman                    
## [1159] Oman                     Oman                    
## [1161] Oman                     Oman                    
## [1163] Oman                     Oman                    
## [1165] Pakistan                 Pakistan                
## [1167] Pakistan                 Pakistan                
## [1169] Pakistan                 Pakistan                
## [1171] Pakistan                 Pakistan                
## [1173] Pakistan                 Pakistan                
## [1175] Pakistan                 Pakistan                
## [1177] Panama                   Panama                  
## [1179] Panama                   Panama                  
## [1181] Panama                   Panama                  
## [1183] Panama                   Panama                  
## [1185] Panama                   Panama                  
## [1187] Panama                   Panama                  
## [1189] Paraguay                 Paraguay                
## [1191] Paraguay                 Paraguay                
## [1193] Paraguay                 Paraguay                
## [1195] Paraguay                 Paraguay                
## [1197] Paraguay                 Paraguay                
## [1199] Paraguay                 Paraguay                
## [1201] Peru                     Peru                    
## [1203] Peru                     Peru                    
## [1205] Peru                     Peru                    
## [1207] Peru                     Peru                    
## [1209] Peru                     Peru                    
## [1211] Peru                     Peru                    
## [1213] Philippines              Philippines             
## [1215] Philippines              Philippines             
## [1217] Philippines              Philippines             
## [1219] Philippines              Philippines             
## [1221] Philippines              Philippines             
## [1223] Philippines              Philippines             
## [1225] Poland                   Poland                  
## [1227] Poland                   Poland                  
## [1229] Poland                   Poland                  
## [1231] Poland                   Poland                  
## [1233] Poland                   Poland                  
## [1235] Poland                   Poland                  
## [1237] Portugal                 Portugal                
## [1239] Portugal                 Portugal                
## [1241] Portugal                 Portugal                
## [1243] Portugal                 Portugal                
## [1245] Portugal                 Portugal                
## [1247] Portugal                 Portugal                
## [1249] Puerto Rico              Puerto Rico             
## [1251] Puerto Rico              Puerto Rico             
## [1253] Puerto Rico              Puerto Rico             
## [1255] Puerto Rico              Puerto Rico             
## [1257] Puerto Rico              Puerto Rico             
## [1259] Puerto Rico              Puerto Rico             
## [1261] Reunion                  Reunion                 
## [1263] Reunion                  Reunion                 
## [1265] Reunion                  Reunion                 
## [1267] Reunion                  Reunion                 
## [1269] Reunion                  Reunion                 
## [1271] Reunion                  Reunion                 
## [1273] Romania                  Romania                 
## [1275] Romania                  Romania                 
## [1277] Romania                  Romania                 
## [1279] Romania                  Romania                 
## [1281] Romania                  Romania                 
## [1283] Romania                  Romania                 
## [1285] Rwanda                   Rwanda                  
## [1287] Rwanda                   Rwanda                  
## [1289] Rwanda                   Rwanda                  
## [1291] Rwanda                   Rwanda                  
## [1293] Rwanda                   Rwanda                  
## [1295] Rwanda                   Rwanda                  
## [1297] Sao Tome and Principe    Sao Tome and Principe   
## [1299] Sao Tome and Principe    Sao Tome and Principe   
## [1301] Sao Tome and Principe    Sao Tome and Principe   
## [1303] Sao Tome and Principe    Sao Tome and Principe   
## [1305] Sao Tome and Principe    Sao Tome and Principe   
## [1307] Sao Tome and Principe    Sao Tome and Principe   
## [1309] Saudi Arabia             Saudi Arabia            
## [1311] Saudi Arabia             Saudi Arabia            
## [1313] Saudi Arabia             Saudi Arabia            
## [1315] Saudi Arabia             Saudi Arabia            
## [1317] Saudi Arabia             Saudi Arabia            
## [1319] Saudi Arabia             Saudi Arabia            
## [1321] Senegal                  Senegal                 
## [1323] Senegal                  Senegal                 
## [1325] Senegal                  Senegal                 
## [1327] Senegal                  Senegal                 
## [1329] Senegal                  Senegal                 
## [1331] Senegal                  Senegal                 
## [1333] Serbia                   Serbia                  
## [1335] Serbia                   Serbia                  
## [1337] Serbia                   Serbia                  
## [1339] Serbia                   Serbia                  
## [1341] Serbia                   Serbia                  
## [1343] Serbia                   Serbia                  
## [1345] Sierra Leone             Sierra Leone            
## [1347] Sierra Leone             Sierra Leone            
## [1349] Sierra Leone             Sierra Leone            
## [1351] Sierra Leone             Sierra Leone            
## [1353] Sierra Leone             Sierra Leone            
## [1355] Sierra Leone             Sierra Leone            
## [1357] Singapore                Singapore               
## [1359] Singapore                Singapore               
## [1361] Singapore                Singapore               
## [1363] Singapore                Singapore               
## [1365] Singapore                Singapore               
## [1367] Singapore                Singapore               
## [1369] Slovak Republic          Slovak Republic         
## [1371] Slovak Republic          Slovak Republic         
## [1373] Slovak Republic          Slovak Republic         
## [1375] Slovak Republic          Slovak Republic         
## [1377] Slovak Republic          Slovak Republic         
## [1379] Slovak Republic          Slovak Republic         
## [1381] Slovenia                 Slovenia                
## [1383] Slovenia                 Slovenia                
## [1385] Slovenia                 Slovenia                
## [1387] Slovenia                 Slovenia                
## [1389] Slovenia                 Slovenia                
## [1391] Slovenia                 Slovenia                
## [1393] Somalia                  Somalia                 
## [1395] Somalia                  Somalia                 
## [1397] Somalia                  Somalia                 
## [1399] Somalia                  Somalia                 
## [1401] Somalia                  Somalia                 
## [1403] Somalia                  Somalia                 
## [1405] South Africa             South Africa            
## [1407] South Africa             South Africa            
## [1409] South Africa             South Africa            
## [1411] South Africa             South Africa            
## [1413] South Africa             South Africa            
## [1415] South Africa             South Africa            
## [1417] Spain                    Spain                   
## [1419] Spain                    Spain                   
## [1421] Spain                    Spain                   
## [1423] Spain                    Spain                   
## [1425] Spain                    Spain                   
## [1427] Spain                    Spain                   
## [1429] Sri Lanka                Sri Lanka               
## [1431] Sri Lanka                Sri Lanka               
## [1433] Sri Lanka                Sri Lanka               
## [1435] Sri Lanka                Sri Lanka               
## [1437] Sri Lanka                Sri Lanka               
## [1439] Sri Lanka                Sri Lanka               
## [1441] Sudan                    Sudan                   
## [1443] Sudan                    Sudan                   
## [1445] Sudan                    Sudan                   
## [1447] Sudan                    Sudan                   
## [1449] Sudan                    Sudan                   
## [1451] Sudan                    Sudan                   
## [1453] Swaziland                Swaziland               
## [1455] Swaziland                Swaziland               
## [1457] Swaziland                Swaziland               
## [1459] Swaziland                Swaziland               
## [1461] Swaziland                Swaziland               
## [1463] Swaziland                Swaziland               
## [1465] Sweden                   Sweden                  
## [1467] Sweden                   Sweden                  
## [1469] Sweden                   Sweden                  
## [1471] Sweden                   Sweden                  
## [1473] Sweden                   Sweden                  
## [1475] Sweden                   Sweden                  
## [1477] Switzerland              Switzerland             
## [1479] Switzerland              Switzerland             
## [1481] Switzerland              Switzerland             
## [1483] Switzerland              Switzerland             
## [1485] Switzerland              Switzerland             
## [1487] Switzerland              Switzerland             
## [1489] Syria                    Syria                   
## [1491] Syria                    Syria                   
## [1493] Syria                    Syria                   
## [1495] Syria                    Syria                   
## [1497] Syria                    Syria                   
## [1499] Syria                    Syria                   
## [1501] Taiwan                   Taiwan                  
## [1503] Taiwan                   Taiwan                  
## [1505] Taiwan                   Taiwan                  
## [1507] Taiwan                   Taiwan                  
## [1509] Taiwan                   Taiwan                  
## [1511] Taiwan                   Taiwan                  
## [1513] Tanzania                 Tanzania                
## [1515] Tanzania                 Tanzania                
## [1517] Tanzania                 Tanzania                
## [1519] Tanzania                 Tanzania                
## [1521] Tanzania                 Tanzania                
## [1523] Tanzania                 Tanzania                
## [1525] Thailand                 Thailand                
## [1527] Thailand                 Thailand                
## [1529] Thailand                 Thailand                
## [1531] Thailand                 Thailand                
## [1533] Thailand                 Thailand                
## [1535] Thailand                 Thailand                
## [1537] Togo                     Togo                    
## [1539] Togo                     Togo                    
## [1541] Togo                     Togo                    
## [1543] Togo                     Togo                    
## [1545] Togo                     Togo                    
## [1547] Togo                     Togo                    
## [1549] Trinidad and Tobago      Trinidad and Tobago     
## [1551] Trinidad and Tobago      Trinidad and Tobago     
## [1553] Trinidad and Tobago      Trinidad and Tobago     
## [1555] Trinidad and Tobago      Trinidad and Tobago     
## [1557] Trinidad and Tobago      Trinidad and Tobago     
## [1559] Trinidad and Tobago      Trinidad and Tobago     
## [1561] Tunisia                  Tunisia                 
## [1563] Tunisia                  Tunisia                 
## [1565] Tunisia                  Tunisia                 
## [1567] Tunisia                  Tunisia                 
## [1569] Tunisia                  Tunisia                 
## [1571] Tunisia                  Tunisia                 
## [1573] Turkey                   Turkey                  
## [1575] Turkey                   Turkey                  
## [1577] Turkey                   Turkey                  
## [1579] Turkey                   Turkey                  
## [1581] Turkey                   Turkey                  
## [1583] Turkey                   Turkey                  
## [1585] Uganda                   Uganda                  
## [1587] Uganda                   Uganda                  
## [1589] Uganda                   Uganda                  
## [1591] Uganda                   Uganda                  
## [1593] Uganda                   Uganda                  
## [1595] Uganda                   Uganda                  
## [1597] United Kingdom           United Kingdom          
## [1599] United Kingdom           United Kingdom          
## [1601] United Kingdom           United Kingdom          
## [1603] United Kingdom           United Kingdom          
## [1605] United Kingdom           United Kingdom          
## [1607] United Kingdom           United Kingdom          
## [1609] United States            United States           
## [1611] United States            United States           
## [1613] United States            United States           
## [1615] United States            United States           
## [1617] United States            United States           
## [1619] United States            United States           
## [1621] Uruguay                  Uruguay                 
## [1623] Uruguay                  Uruguay                 
## [1625] Uruguay                  Uruguay                 
## [1627] Uruguay                  Uruguay                 
## [1629] Uruguay                  Uruguay                 
## [1631] Uruguay                  Uruguay                 
## [1633] Venezuela                Venezuela               
## [1635] Venezuela                Venezuela               
## [1637] Venezuela                Venezuela               
## [1639] Venezuela                Venezuela               
## [1641] Venezuela                Venezuela               
## [1643] Venezuela                Venezuela               
## [1645] Vietnam                  Vietnam                 
## [1647] Vietnam                  Vietnam                 
## [1649] Vietnam                  Vietnam                 
## [1651] Vietnam                  Vietnam                 
## [1653] Vietnam                  Vietnam                 
## [1655] Vietnam                  Vietnam                 
## [1657] West Bank and Gaza       West Bank and Gaza      
## [1659] West Bank and Gaza       West Bank and Gaza      
## [1661] West Bank and Gaza       West Bank and Gaza      
## [1663] West Bank and Gaza       West Bank and Gaza      
## [1665] West Bank and Gaza       West Bank and Gaza      
## [1667] West Bank and Gaza       West Bank and Gaza      
## [1669] Yemen Rep.               Yemen Rep.              
## [1671] Yemen Rep.               Yemen Rep.              
## [1673] Yemen Rep.               Yemen Rep.              
## [1675] Yemen Rep.               Yemen Rep.              
## [1677] Yemen Rep.               Yemen Rep.              
## [1679] Yemen Rep.               Yemen Rep.              
## [1681] Zambia                   Zambia                  
## [1683] Zambia                   Zambia                  
## [1685] Zambia                   Zambia                  
## [1687] Zambia                   Zambia                  
## [1689] Zambia                   Zambia                  
## [1691] Zambia                   Zambia                  
## [1693] Zimbabwe                 Zimbabwe                
## [1695] Zimbabwe                 Zimbabwe                
## [1697] Zimbabwe                 Zimbabwe                
## [1699] Zimbabwe                 Zimbabwe                
## [1701] Zimbabwe                 Zimbabwe                
## [1703] Zimbabwe                 Zimbabwe                
## 142 Levels: Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Australia ... Zimbabwe
summary(factor(gapminder$country))
##              Afghanistan                  Albania                  Algeria 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                   Angola                Argentina                Australia 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                  Austria                  Bahrain               Bangladesh 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                  Belgium                    Benin                  Bolivia 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##   Bosnia and Herzegovina                 Botswana                   Brazil 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                 Bulgaria             Burkina Faso                  Burundi 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                 Cambodia                 Cameroon                   Canada 
##                       12                       12                       12 
## Central African Republic                     Chad                    Chile 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                    China                 Colombia                  Comoros 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##          Congo Dem. Rep.               Congo Rep.               Costa Rica 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##            Cote d'Ivoire                  Croatia                     Cuba 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##           Czech Republic                  Denmark                 Djibouti 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##       Dominican Republic                  Ecuador                    Egypt 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##              El Salvador        Equatorial Guinea                  Eritrea 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                 Ethiopia                  Finland                   France 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                    Gabon                   Gambia                  Germany 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                    Ghana                   Greece                Guatemala 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                   Guinea            Guinea-Bissau                    Haiti 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                 Honduras          Hong Kong China                  Hungary 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                  Iceland                    India                Indonesia 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                     Iran                     Iraq                  Ireland 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                   Israel                    Italy                  Jamaica 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                    Japan                   Jordan                    Kenya 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##          Korea Dem. Rep.               Korea Rep.                   Kuwait 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                  Lebanon                  Lesotho                  Liberia 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                    Libya               Madagascar                   Malawi 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                 Malaysia                     Mali               Mauritania 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                Mauritius                   Mexico                 Mongolia 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##               Montenegro                  Morocco               Mozambique 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                  Myanmar                  Namibia                    Nepal 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##              Netherlands              New Zealand                Nicaragua 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                    Niger                  Nigeria                   Norway 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                     Oman                 Pakistan                   Panama 
##                       12                       12                       12 
##                  (Other) 
##                      516
gapminder$countr_fac <- factor(gapminder$country)
str(gapminder)
## 'data.frame':    1704 obs. of  7 variables:
##  $ country   : chr  "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" ...
##  $ year      : int  1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 ...
##  $ pop       : num  8425333 9240934 10267083 11537966 13079460 ...
##  $ continent : chr  "Asia" "Asia" "Asia" "Asia" ...
##  $ lifeExp   : num  28.8 30.3 32 34 36.1 ...
##  $ gdpPercap : num  779 821 853 836 740 ...
##  $ countr_fac: Factor w/ 142 levels "Afghanistan",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
typeof(gapminder$year)
## [1] "integer"
typeof(gapminder$country)
## [1] "character"
str(gapminder$country)
##  chr [1:1704] "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" "Afghanistan" ...
str(gapminder$countr_fac)
##  Factor w/ 142 levels "Afghanistan",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
length(gapminder)
## [1] 7
typeof(gapminder)
## [1] "list"

Let’s explore some other functions we can use to inspect dataframes:

nrow(gapminder)
## [1] 1704
ncol(gapminder)
## [1] 7
dim(gapminder)
## [1] 1704    7
colnames(gapminder)
## [1] "country"    "year"       "pop"        "continent"  "lifeExp"   
## [6] "gdpPercap"  "countr_fac"
head(gapminder)
##       country year      pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap  countr_fac
## 1 Afghanistan 1952  8425333      Asia  28.801  779.4453 Afghanistan
## 2 Afghanistan 1957  9240934      Asia  30.332  820.8530 Afghanistan
## 3 Afghanistan 1962 10267083      Asia  31.997  853.1007 Afghanistan
## 4 Afghanistan 1967 11537966      Asia  34.020  836.1971 Afghanistan
## 5 Afghanistan 1972 13079460      Asia  36.088  739.9811 Afghanistan
## 6 Afghanistan 1977 14880372      Asia  38.438  786.1134 Afghanistan

Subsetting

life_exp <- gapminder[['lifeExp']]
str(life_exp)
##  num [1:1704] 28.8 30.3 32 34 36.1 ...
life_exp[1]
## [1] 28.801
life_exp[c(3,7)]
## [1] 31.997 39.854
1:4
## [1] 1 2 3 4
life_exp[1:4]
## [1] 28.801 30.332 31.997 34.020
life_exp[-1:4]

Why didnt that work? Yes, -1:4 expands to -1,0,1,2,3,4

-1:4
## [1] -1  0  1  2  3  4
life_exp[-(1:4)]

Also works:

life_exp[-c(1:4)]

Data frames

  • Bracket notation - if we use a single bracket with number, it will return
  • Single column as a dataframe
head(gapminder[3])
##        pop
## 1  8425333
## 2  9240934
## 3 10267083
## 4 11537966
## 5 13079460
## 6 14880372
str(gapminder[3])
## 'data.frame':    1704 obs. of  1 variable:
##  $ pop: num  8425333 9240934 10267083 11537966 13079460 ...

However if we use [[3]] it’ll return the column as a vector

head(gapminder[[3]])
## [1]  8425333  9240934 10267083 11537966 13079460 14880372
head(gapminder[["lifeExp"]])
## [1] 28.801 30.332 31.997 34.020 36.088 38.438
str(gapminder[[3]])
##  num [1:1704] 8425333 9240934 10267083 11537966 13079460 ...

A vector.

Think about it via this image:

Peeling onion

$ dollar sign can pull out a column by name. A lot easier to remember names than their numbers.

head(gapminder$year)
## [1] 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977

We can pull out by rows and columns by using two arguments in []

gapminder[1:3,] #row 1-3 and all columns
##       country year      pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap  countr_fac
## 1 Afghanistan 1952  8425333      Asia  28.801  779.4453 Afghanistan
## 2 Afghanistan 1957  9240934      Asia  30.332  820.8530 Afghanistan
## 3 Afghanistan 1962 10267083      Asia  31.997  853.1007 Afghanistan
gapminder[3,] #   
##       country year      pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap  countr_fac
## 3 Afghanistan 1962 10267083      Asia  31.997  853.1007 Afghanistan
gapminder[3:10, 1:3]
##        country year      pop
## 3  Afghanistan 1962 10267083
## 4  Afghanistan 1967 11537966
## 5  Afghanistan 1972 13079460
## 6  Afghanistan 1977 14880372
## 7  Afghanistan 1982 12881816
## 8  Afghanistan 1987 13867957
## 9  Afghanistan 1992 16317921
## 10 Afghanistan 1997 22227415

Let’s subset gapminder and only include data from 87

gapminder[gapminder$year == 1987, ]

How about population greater than 15,000,000

gapminder[gapminder$pop >= 15000000,]

GGPLOT2 - 30min or less

But if not:

install.packages("ggplot2")
library("ggplot2")
ggplot(data = gapminder, mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point()

ggplot(data = gapminder, mapping = aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.5) + scale_x_log10()

ggplot(data = gapminder, mapping = aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country, color=continent)) +
  geom_line()

Make the points stand out:

ggplot(data = gapminder, mapping = aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country)) +
  geom_line(mapping = aes(color=continent)) + geom_point()

ggplot(data = gapminder, mapping = aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country, color=continent)) +
  geom_line() + geom_point()

americas <- gapminder[gapminder$continent == "Americas",] #subset
ggplot(data = americas, mapping = aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) +
  geom_line() +
  facet_wrap( ~ country) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45))

You’ll get hands-on tomorrow with Stephanie. Thanks everyone!